Lazy Man and Money

Income Investing: How to Generate Cash Now

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If you are looking to make income by investing your money you are not alone. For the 73rd straight year, our savings account is earning an interest rate of zero. Yours are probably doing the same. The Federal Reserve has dropped the Federal Funds Rate to 0.25%, which in layman terms means that you aren’t getting paid much interest in your savings accounts. Fortunately, this also means that some of your loans may be charging less interest.

Over the last couple of weeks, I’ve been talking a good friend of mine who is a little older than me… kind of like a big sister. We think alike on many things. In some ways it is almost like talking to myself, but a “me” with ten years of more life experience.

Lately, we’ve been focusing on investments to create income. We’re both in a fortunate situation where income is steady despite COVID-19. Since we aren’t traveling, going to restaurants, or buying much gas for our cars our spending is way down. That leaves us with a little more money to invest than we’d normally have.

At the same time, the stock market continues to be near new highs. I’m worried that stocks are priced too high, especially when corporate profits are likely to be so low. Many, many people seem to be worried about that. For this reason, I’m looking for investments that tend to be safer. I’ll return to my usual growth investing when the pricing is better. In the meantime, I’ll continue to stay invested, but stay conservative.

Many people moving into their 30s and 40s find that they have more responsibilities (i.e. children). It makes sense to have investments that generate income. That income can be used to supplement your salary now or to help phase out your job in the future.

If you could generate $50,000 in cash from investments, you could probably retire, right? Of course, your answer depends on your spending, assumes no inflation, and has a bunch of other messy details.

So in this world of (close-to) zero interest rates, how do you generate income?

Income Investing: How to Generate Cash Now?

This is a refresh of an article from 2015. While I have been talking with my big sister about this topic again, I also participated in this this Twitter conversation with Financial Pilgrimage. Specifically, he asked, “Where can you invest your money passively these days for a 3% return or greater besides stocks?”

I don’t want to discount stocks because they are a viable option… perhaps the most viable option. Let’s start there and branch out.

Dividend Stocks for Income

For most of my investing life, I never looked at dividends. I forgot that people once bought stocks to create income. Companies would pay out profits to shareholders and shareholders could use that money, to… well… buy stuff they need. It was a good little system. I speak of it in the past tense because many companies stopped paying dividends and instead kept the money to grow profits and raise their stock prices. In reality, dividend investing didn’t go away, I was just too wrapped up in tech stocks (which rarely pay dividends) and index investing (set it and forget it) philosophies.

In 2020, I’ve focused more on dividends. I like the idea of companies paying me money even if the stock market is crashing. I’ve mentioned that I’m managing stock market risk and removing tech risk from my portfolio with dividends. Specifically, I’m buying iShare’s high dividend ETF (Symbol: HDV). It has many big companies that you’ve heard of. It also pays a dividend of more than 4%.

Another thing that I like about dividends is that they are very tax efficient. Qualified dividends can be taxed at 0% at reasonably high-income brackets (~$75,000 for joint filers). If you make less than $400,000 qualified dividends are taxed at 15% a year. (This is overly simplistic for the scope of this article. Please see your tax professional for more information and advice.)

Unfortunately, due to COVID-19, corporate profits have dropped. Some companies can no longer afford to pay the same dividends they did in the past. That’s why I like the ETF approach. It spreads that risk over a lot of companies.

If you want to take a more hands-on approach for potentially bigger gains, you could look at making passive income with dividend kings. If you prefer to get higher dividend gains without hours of research, I recommend Sure Dividend’s newsletter. That link to the newsletter has a special discount rate and in full disclosure, I make a few dollars if you sign up for it.

Find a Strategic Investment Balance

The credit for this idea goes to my aforementioned big sister. She had mentioned that she was looking at the Vanguard LifeStrategy Income Fund (Symbol: VASIX). It’s a conservative blend of 20% stocks and 80% bonds. Historically, it doesn’t go up or down a lot. Since it was created in 1994 it has had annual returns of 6.26%. It’s 1-yr, 3-yr, 5-yr, and 10-yr returns are all between 4.95% and 6.82%, which gives you an idea of how consistent it is. During the big stock market crash of 2008, it lost about 15% of its value. That’s very good when traditional stock investments lost 50% of their value.

This could be an option to park some medium-term money that you may use in 2-4 years. I’m interested in this because it achieves my goal of staying invested, while still providing some protection in the case of a big market crash.

Income from Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS)

This is really a special case of the dividend stocks above. However, the profits are generated by real estate – which can move in a very different direction than the rest of the stock market. REITS are traded as stocks and have to pay 90% of its taxable income as dividends to shareholders. The end result is that you can earn 4-7% in dividends. However, like a stock, their value can go up and down.

My favorite way to buy REITS is with Vanguard Real Estate ETF (Symbol: VNQ). It’s easy one-stop shopping with a company, Vanguard, that I trust.

Getting Income from P2P Loans

In the past, I’ve recommended P2P loans. They haven’t worked out as well as I have expected. A few days ago the top P2P loan company, Lending Club, announced that it closing down its lending platform.

I had been steadily pulling my money out of Prosper and Lending Club for the past few years. Prosper is still around and it may be a good fit for getting a passive 3%+ return on your money.

Skip Income Investing: Pay Down Your Mortgage Instead

One of the readers of the Twitter thread mentioned an obvious way of getting 3% for many people… paying off a mortgage. That’s a guaranteed return on your money, which may be valuable to you.

I’ve been against this for years because I’ve always felt that I can make 8-10% by investing in the stock market. Over the long run that has worked out exactly as planned. However, his stock market feels different and I’m not sure what has happened in the past is going to continue for the next 10 years.

I’ve mentioned over the last few weeks that we are doing a 1031 exchange – selling one real estate property and buying another one. Because we formed a corporation, the bank is charging us a 4% interest rate. Not only that, but it readjusts every 5 years – it could be 7% or more in 2020. I didn’t know this when we went down the 1031 exchange path. Now, I’m much more interested in paying down this mortgage quickly.

The downside of paying down your mortgage is that you are effectively locking yourself into that 3% (or whatever your interest rate is) return for the long term. Also, in this case, you aren’t creating investment income. Instead, you are reducing debt, which, while different, can be effectively the same.

Get a High Interest Savings Account

Derek of Life and My Finances mentioned that Lake Michigan Credit Union has a 3% Max Checking account.

I didn’t like the requirements of direct deposit, 10 debit card purchases a month and 4 logins to their website. The direct deposit it a one-time change with your work, which hopefully isn’t too difficult. Derek mentioned that using services like Mint and Personal Capital count towards the logins. That leaves 10 debit card purchases a month. If you are still buying coffee shop or Starbucks each day, this may be easy.

For me, making the 10 debit card deposits would be difficult. I also know that I would forget or not be able to keep track of for several months of the year.

Final Thoughts on Income Investing

I think the best plan is to combine multiple of the above suggestions. A portfolio of 35% HDV, 35% VASIX, 10% VNQ should provide some long-term hopefully, safe gains. The remaining 20% of your money could be used to pay down a mortgage and invest in a high-interest savings account.

This wouldn’t survive a big market crash and still make 3%, however, it would probably not lose too much and put you in a position to make 5-6% most years.

This article was originally published on Mar 2, 2015 at 10:45

Mortgages: To Pay Off Early or Not to Pay Off Early…

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… that is the question. Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to be free of debt, or to invest, perchance to dream of outrageous fortune.

If you thought I was going to continue writing in pseudo-Shakespeare, you don’t know me very well. Or maybe you know me too well, because I do love a good writing challenge.

Pay Off Mortgage Early?There’s a lot of debate in the personal finance community about whether you should pay off your mortgage early if you can afford to. I’ll share my opinion on that in a little bit. Before I do, I want to make it clear that this is a topic with no definitive answer. Even with my own strong feelings on this one, I can look at the other side and say, “I understand and appreciate your view.”

So if you aren’t going to find any definitive answers, why continue reading? It might help you decide what is best for you and your situation.

Let’s review what each camp has to offer:

Pay Off Your Mortgage Early

There’s a psychological weight to being in debt. While most will agree that mortgage debt (especially at current rates) is good, responsible debt, it is still debt. Until you’ve paid off your mortgage, it’s likely your biggest expense. After you’ve paid off your mortgage, it may be transportation, or food, or property tax. You are a lot closer to financial independence when you eliminate such a big expense like a mortgage.

There’s also a component of certainty. If you have a 5% mortgage, you are getting a guaranteed 5% return on your money by paying off the mortgage early. You can’t get that in a bank account – especially now. You can’t get any kind of guarantee in the stock market which can move in crazy directions from day to day. We’ve seen that happen a lot this year.

Invest the Mortgage Money Instead

Another school of thought is that it’s best to invest any extra money instead. Most people expect the stock market to earn about 7% or more over the long run. That’s a lot better than most of the mortgage rates out there which are probably around 4% (or could be less with refinancing).

Most mortgages are 30 years long – plenty long enough to smooth out the gyrations of day-to-day stock market. Even 15-years (like the other popular fixed mortgage option) is almost always enough time to see stronger returns on stocks.

Almost no one disputes the math of investing in stocks is better than mortgage debt. Even the people in the “pay off your mortgage early” camp typically won’t argue the math. Instead they’ll point to the psychological benefits of alleviating the burden of debt. They’ll also point to the guaranteed X% return noted above.

My Choice: Pay Off Mortgage or Invest?

I strongly prefer mathematical solutions to psychological ones. Sometimes our brains play tricks on us. Math is consistent – it doesn’t play tricks on us.

Let’s say that I have $200,000 left on my mortgage (4%) and somehow lucked into $200,000 (it’s hypothetical, work with me). That mortgage has 25 years left on it. If I pay off the mortgage right away, I’ll save myself from having to pay $533,167 in mortgage payments and interest [Calculation: ((1.04^25)*200000)]. That sounds like a great move. However, if I invest instead, I would have $1,085,486 [Calculation: ((1.07^25)*200000)]. There are some minor things like taxes and inflation to consider, but they are not enough to make up for the fact that investing is mathematically speaking almost twice as good as paying off early.

I’ve heard some people say that they are so happy that they paid off their mortgage – especially now*. With unemployment so high and income so uncertain, being mortgage-free has to be a great stress reducer.

However, we’ve been saving and investing since we bought our house in 2012. We’ve enjoyed a fantastic ride on the stock market. However, even if it was an average ride, we’d have enough saved up that we could choose to be mortgage-free as fast as the banks can make the money move.** Plus we’d have a lot of money left over. That’s what I consider my great stress reducer.

One of the problems I have with paying off your mortgage faster is that the money is gone right away. You don’t have the money under your control any more. If you put all $200,000 into paying off the mortgage, lose your job, and your car breaks down, can you come up with the money to fix it? If you’ve invested the money and still have control of it, you can continue to make mortgage payments, fix your car, and eat if you lose your job. You have the money to buy you time in making all those payments in such a terrible scenario.

As strong as I feel about investing, we went with a middle ground. We got a 15-year mortgage with a lower interesting rate (a very, very nice bonus!). This forces us to pay off the mortgage earlier than most people. This past weekend, a friend of mine said that she’d never be able to pay off her mortgage. (It’s done in 2037, which can feel like never, but probably comes up on us quicker than we think.) In 2012, it seemed like 2027 would be “forever”, but it doesn’t feel like that anymore.

We are also able to save money each month to invest. We saved and invested a lot over the last decade. I feel that a 15 year mortgage is ideal if you have the income.

Final Thoughts on Paying Off Mortgages Early

I was inspired to write this by an article that had nothing to do with mortgages. Miranda Marquit wrote about her Taxable Investment Account/Emergency Fund and I thought, “That’s somewhat similar.”

Most gurus would say that you shouldn’t put your emergency fund in a taxable investment account. Emergency funds should be very safe liquid investments. However, she has a tiered approach with some safe liquid cash and more in invested in equities. It’s worked out very well for her and provides her with a larger emergency fund today than she would have had otherwise:

This tiered approach allows me immediate access to cash while I liquidate investments. It works for me because I end up with a higher rate of return with the money in a taxable investment account. For example, I’ve got a 13.3% cumulative time-weighted return with the taxable investment account, since the beginning of 2010, when my return with my savings account has been 3.6%.

Marquit has some safety, but also a lot of growth. This seems similar to investing with extra money instead of paying off your mortgage early. I feel I get that safety of control over the money, while growing my nest egg for more safety (or enjoyment) down the line.

What do you think? Let me know in the comments below.


* Is that the 4th or 5th time I made use of “especially now”?

** Most of our investments are in retirement accounts, so we would get a penalty if we cashed out to pay off our mortgage. However, we could do a partial cash out of a little of our investment profits to buy us a year or two of mortgage payments.

Pay Off Your Mortgage From Your Roth IRA?

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Last week I wrote about the hidden emergency fund in your Roth IRA. In case you didn’t read that article, a huge takeaway was that you can take out contributions (not earnings) out of your Roth IRA penalty-free at any age.

In writing that article, I thought about how much accessible money I might have in my Roth IRA. I’ve been maxing it out for about 15-20 years. That’s a big chunk of change. Without adding it up, I’d estimate it is around $50,000 (some years the maximum contribution was $2000). What if I took all that money out to pay off my mortgage?

Personally, I’d never such a thing and here’s why. The math of the average returns in the stock market (7-8%) is more valuable to me than saving 3.5%, especially when the interest on that is tax-deductible. I’ll go with the math every time and twice on Sunday.

However, there are others who aren’t as focused on the math. Some people, such as those who follow finance “guru” Dave Ramsey hate debt and try to eliminate it as soon as possible. A mortgage is debt. I consider it good debt, but some of these people are against all debt. I understand their thinking, being free of debt can be huge psychologically. It can eliminate stress and that’s a good thing.

This left me wondering, has anyone ever considered making this move? On some level, it makes sense to eliminate your mortgage for peace of mind. You won’t need as big a retirement if you’ve eliminated your biggest expense, right? While all this is true, I’ll still go with the numbers and take the 7-8% compounding over many years vs. the 3.5% (minus the tax deduction) compounding over the same time.

I have to think someone has said, “I’m done with debt. I’m going to raid my Roth IRA and get this debt out of my life.” If you are that person, I’d love to talk to you. I think it’s an interesting option for debt-haters and I’ve seen it discussed.

On the other hand, what about the reverse situation? What if you had home equity and did a cash-out refinance or home equity line of credit (HELOC) for the sole purpose of investing the money to earn a higher percentage. As an entrepreneur, I have access to solo 401Ks and SEP-IRAs, but I often don’t max them out. Why? Because I need the cash to live on. Also, it can be tough to max them out because these types of accounts have higher limits.

Getting money out of your home to invest sounds risky, but it truly is the opposite of pulling money out of your investment to pay off your house, right? So maybe it isn’t so crazy?

What do you think? Let me know in the comments.

What You Can Learn from the 4 Events in 2012 That Changed my Financial Life

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I’m rarely one to follow the pack. So when everyone publishes a review of 2012 in the first week or January, I say, “Let’s make em wait until February.” Also, rather than just give an update of what I did financially in 2012, I’m going to dig a little deeper and get a little Fat Alberty on you delivering a lesson or two.

1. Having a Baby

One of the biggest events of a person’s life is when they give life another. This past year I got to experience that. And while it is fun to joke that Little Man is a nice little tax deduction, he’s a whole lot more than that. Having looked at the the cost to raise a child in the United States it looks like this USDA calculator estimates our costs to raise Little Man will be $28,500 a year.

We are only a little more than four months into Little Man’s life. I feel safe in saying that we are going to come in far under that… at least for the first year. Here’s a breakdown:

  • Housing – The USDA estimate is that it will cost us another $10,600 in housing. I don’t think our housing costs have gone up that much, but it’s hard to say since that’s related to the #2 event (our move).
  • Food – The USDA estimate is $2,450. I think we are under that, but it is hard to calculate because right now he’s on breastmilk. That indirectly leads to his mom eating more food.
  • Transportation – There’s an estimated $3,125 in transportation costs. We bought a new car due to our move to Boston, and part of that was because I felt I needed a safer car for Little Man. On the other hand, my 12 year old car probably need replacing soon anyway.
  • Clothing – Due to the generousity of friends and family, especially my own mother’s gift of amazing bargain hunting, we shouldn’t have to buy clothes for the next five years. The USDA budgets $1438 and I think we’ll avoid much of this expense.
  • Health Care – One of the best benefits the military has going is its health care. I think we’ll save a vast majority of the $1113 that the USDA has allocated. The exception is out of pocket things like baby Tylenol and the like.
  • Child Care and Education – The USDA estimates $7,538 and this is where my blogging career really pays off. I can be that child care provider. I had estimated day care for Little Man to be around $15,000 a year. Since that’s after-tax money, it’s almost like adding $20,000 in salary. However, as it turns out we might be able to get almost full-time coverage for $6,000 at a military base. We’ll see if that comes to pass.

I think the lesson here is that raising a child can be done on a budget. It certainly helps to plan ahead (be a blogger), have a great support system (thanks Mom!), and get a good breaks (military benefits rock). Oh and if you are going to be a new parent soon, here’s some of my favorite baby gear.

2. Moving Across the Country

This year we moved back to Boston, which has always been where my heart is.

One thing I can say about Silicon Valley. Having lived there, I understand how a foreigner would come to United States thinking that the “streets are paved in gold.” Silicon Valley is a lot like that too. There’s a ton of money due to all the successful technology companies such as Google and Apple. I don’t know if it is the money or great schools like Stanford, but there are a ton of very smart people there.

Not only is it a land of opportunity, but the three feet of snow that we are getting right now in Boston reminds me how wonderful the weather is in San Francisco.

As wonderful as that is there were two major downsides for us: 1) Our friends and family are in Boston 2) The price of housing is 3 times more than what we can get in the Boston area. That’s literally a million dollar difference.

It’s not like Boston is a horrible place either. With Harvard and MIT, there are some smart people here too. I’ll probably always wonder what life would have been have been like, not just for me, but for Little Man, if we stayed in San Francisco.

What’s the lesson here? It’s probably nothing new, but geography does play a huge role in personal finance.

3. Refinancing Two Mortgages

Lost in the birth of baby and the move back to Boston is the financial move that flew under the radar. I was able to use the government’s HARP program to refinance two mortgages. With the drop in value of real estate over the last 8 years, these properties no longer had 20% equity and we were paying on average 6% interest on them. We were able to keep the payments close to the same and change 22 year mortgages to a 15 year one. The reason we were able to do that? The interest rate of 3.5% on a 15 year lowers the payments to what we were paying on the 30-year at 6%.

It was extremely difficult, especially because I’m a self-employed blogger. I might as well be a third-class citizen to mortgage underwriters. The hours on the phone and email really paid off…

The result of eliminating 7 years of mortgage payments on two properties is tremendous. Some rough math tells me it will save us $225,000 in mortgage payments.

The lesson here is to take advantage of these low interest rates if you can.

4. Buying a New Car

In any other year, buying a car would trump the money moves. After buying a house, it is usually the biggest purchase someone makes. One month in, I still have no regrets on buying my Subaru Forrester.

Wait, maybe I do.

The last lesson is that before you buy a new car, look at what is coming down the pike in the near future. It’s something that I think about whenever buying technology, but I somehow forgot about it with buying a car. I think it was because I was going in with the intention of buying a slightly used car and saving on depreciation. However, they made the new car a lot better deal because they had dealer incentives and 0% financing for 63 months.

It wasn’t until a few days later, I found out that they are coming out with a 2014 Forester in a couple of months that is going to get 5 miles more per gallon. As it turns out waiting wasn’t a good fit for us because we need to snow-worthy cars in New England, but doing some rough math, the money that I saved with the 0% financing is about what I was likely to save on gas through the life of the car.

I might still come out ahead if Subaru bumps up the price of the 2014 Forester as many expect they will.

Putting it All Together

Most years, I don’t make too many big financial moves. Obviously some of them like taking a new job or having a baby are common life milestones. Other things such as taking advantage of historically low interest rates (particularly for mortgages and cars) fits in the category of making the most of opportunity presented.

Now it’s time to take a year to settle down.

We Bought a House!

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Okay, that title is a little misleading. We have a signed purchase and sale agreement on a home. I wrote at far too much length in a multi-part series at: Buying a Vacation/Retirement Home (Part 1 of ?).

The process for looking in a home in a historic place like Newport, RI (and surrounding towns) brought us to look at probably over three dozen homes. It was a polarizing experience for us. My analytical side was looking for value in terms of objectively measurable numbers like price per square foot. My wife was looking for the, “Can I see myself waking up and having a cup of coffee each morning?” value. I think we both recognized that each side has its merits. In fact, I’d lean towards her side being more important, but I wanted to stand my ground on getting a good value. After all, with an unlimited budget there are many great places to wake up and have a cup of coffee.

On this trip, we found a three places that fit both of our objectives. This is a big change from the one that stood out last time. (I’m not going to count another house that stretched our budget too far, but still a good “value” in terms of price per square foot and aesthetics). We felt like we were on an episode of House Hunters.

  • One was really close to the beach, 5-10 walk, but the floor plan wasn’t what we were hoping for. It wasn’t in “show” condition as the current renters were there in the midst of the chaos of dealing with 3 small children. It would have needed a little work including some new kitchen appliances. In addition it stretched our budget quite a bit.
  • Another was a 15 minute drive to the beach. It also was in a bit of chaos at the time of the showing. The kitchen as new, but other parts of the house needed some work. The price was favorable – due in part to the condition and the location of course.
  • The last place was about a 5 minute drive to the beach. It was a little smaller (300 square feet) than the above two. However, it needed the least amount of work. In fact, we really couldn’t see doing much to it at all. We would prefer a bathroom to have a different color vanity and a larger deck. It would be nice if there was already a fence in place for our dog. Everything else looked like it had been done in the last 3-4 years. It’s asking price was a little higher than the average of the previous two.

I’m betting from that description you can guess which one we went for. It was the third one. While the first one seemed to have the best location, we believed the third place was really the best. It would have been great to walk to the best, but when we looked at other factors like distances to shopping and schools and the neighborhood itself, it passed the first in terms of location.

We eliminated the second house due to the distance from the beach. My wife brought up the scenario of dropping hypothetical kids (since we have no real kids) off and picking them at the beach. That would be a half hour trip there and back… and then another half hour trip. It would be an hour out of your day. That might not be the most common scenario, but it was a good the point in my mind. With the third house, such a scenario is 20 minutes (4 trips of 5 minutes each). Plus hypothetical kids could bike to the beach when they are old enough.

Finally the third house, the one we agreed to had the most amount of land. My wife was on the deck while I walked out and she said, “You are getting too small, I can’t see you.” It was clearly exaggeration on her part, her point was again quite valid. This was a huge selling point.

The last obstacle was to agree on a price. The asking price was already pretty good and it hadn’t been on the market long. When considering the condition of the home, we didn’t feel like we comfortable going too low. We went the lowest we thought we could, while trying to make a strong offer with the other terms of the agreement. It turned out it worked. Their counter was lower than we anticipated. This put in position to try to recounter with our dream price, but we decided to go a little up from there and hope they take it. At that point, the difference was only going to be about 1% of the house’s price anyway. They accepted our counter offer.

Now it’s time to get a home inspection and a mortgage. I don’t anticipate either to be as much fun as the house hunting was (though the inspection should go well.)